Effective Strategies for Transmitting Large Files
Intro
In the age of digital communication, transmitting large files has become a crucial task for IT professionals. With increasing data size from high-definition videos, extensive databases, and image files, traditional methods of file transfer often fall short. This article examines effective strategic approaches to sending large files securely and efficiently. The focus will be on technology solutions that cater specifically to the needs of information technology experts, addressing common challenges such as size limitations and transmission speed.
Hardware Overview
Hardware plays a significant role in the successful transmission of large files. Whether we consider networks, storage devices, or processing power, each element contributes to the overall effectiveness of file transfer methods.
Specifications
The hardware specifications required for transmitting large files can vary based on the chosen method. Key factors include:
- Network bandwidth: A faster connection allows larger files to be sent more quickly. Gigabit Ethernet is often recommended for local transfers.
- Storage capacity: Adequate storage is essential, not just for sending but also for receiving large files. SSDs provide faster access speeds compared to traditional HDDs.
- Processing power: Strong CPUs can expedite the process of packaging and compressing files for transmission.
Performance Metrics
To evaluate the hardware's ability to handle large file transfers, certain performance metrics must be considered. These include:
- Transfer speed: Measured in Mbps, it indicates how quickly files can move from one point to another.
- Latency: The time delay between sending and receiving can drastically affect user experience.
- Error rate: Ensures data integrity during transmission, especially important when transferring large or critical files.
Software Analysis
Software solutions for transmitting large files must facilitate efficiency and maintain security. The landscape is rich with options tailored for different needs.
Features and Functionality
When analyzing software for large file transfers, certain features stand out:
- Compression capabilities: Helps reduce file size before transfer.
- End-to-end encryption: Essential for securing sensitive data.
- Batch processing: Enables multiple files to be sent simultaneously, streamlining operations.
User Interface and Experience
The usability of the software directly impacts the effectiveness of large file transfer. A well-designed interface can simplify complex tasks. Considerations include:
- Intuitive navigation: Users should find it easy to identify file transfer options.
- Status indicators: Real-time updates during the transfer process assure users about the status of their files.
- Accessibility: Software that runs on multiple platforms (Windows, macOS, Linux) is important for diverse IT environments.
"The right combination of hardware and software significantly enhances the efficiency of large file transmission."
Understanding File Transfer Requirements
Understanding file transfer requirements is a critical first step when dealing with the transmission of large files. This understanding can significantly affect the choices available to IT professionals and the specific methods they will utilize to ensure effective file delivery. The needs vary widely depending on various factors, including the size of the file, the urgency of the transfer, and recipient capabilities. Establishing the requirements sets a clear direction for selecting the right tools and processes.
Determining File Size Limits
In any file transfer scenario, determining the size limits of the files in question is fundamental. Size limits often dictate the choice of method, as many platforms and protocols impose restrictions that can hinder effective communication. For instance, typical email services like Gmail and Outlook have stringent file size caps, usually around 25MB, which makes them unsuitable for transferring sizeable documents. On the other hand, services like Google Drive or Dropbox allow much larger file transfers.
When selecting a method for transferring files, it is helpful to know the maximum file size that recipients can accept. This way, you can preemptively choose a transfer method that meets those specifications. Furthermore, compressing larger files may be necessary, but not all file types compress equally. Certain formats may remain reduced, whereas others might not see any significant differences. Hence, understanding file size limits is essential for effective communication.
Identifying Recipient Needs
Just as crucial as understanding file sizes is identifying the needs of the recipient. Knowing how the recipient plans to use the received files can influence the transfer method. Are they looking for a rapid download, or do they require the files to be secured before transmission? Understanding these needs is vital. Some recipients may operate in environments with limited bandwidth or specific software requirements, and their capabilities should dictate your approach.
Additionally, the level of technical expertise varies among recipients. While some may be comfortable utilizing advanced tools or cloud services, others may prefer more straightforward solutions. Appreciating these differences can foster better interaction and ensure that large files reach the right hands in an optimal form.
Assessing Brand Preferences
Understanding brand preferences can also refine your file transfer strategy. Various tools and services have different levels of acceptance within organizations. Some firms may prefer specific tools due to their observed performance, reliability, or security features. For example, a company heavily invested in Microsoft products might favor OneDrive over other cloud services due to its seamless integration with existing software.
Fostering familiarity with recipient preferences helps in building trust and ensuring a higher success rate for file deliveries. If a recipient prefers WeTransfer over Dropbox, it is prudent to utilize their preferred platform for smoother transfers. Adapting to the preferences of recipients not only facilitates easier transfers but also enriches communication, aligning your approach with their technological landscape.
Common File Transfer Protocols
In the realm of transmitting large files, understanding different file transfer protocols is crucial. These protocols govern how data is shared across networks, establishing standardized methods for data exchange. Selecting the right protocol can significantly influence factors such as speed, security, and reliability. This section will delve into three key protocols: FTP, HTTP, and P2P file sharing. Each has its strengths and weaknesses, which IT professionals must evaluate based on specific project needs.
FTP and SFTP
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) has been a foundational technology for transferring files over the Internet. It operates on a client-server model, allowing users to upload or download files to and from a server. One key benefit of FTP is its ability to handle large file transfers efficiently. However, traditional FTP lacks encryption, which raises security concerns. This gap has led to the development of Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP). Unlike FTP, SFTP encrypts both the commands and the data during transfer. This makes it a preferred choice for IT professionals handling sensitive information. Both protocols work well for transferring files within intranets or between clients and servers, but SFTP is particularly important in environments demanding strong security measures.
HTTP and HTTPS
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is another widely used protocol for file transmission, especially for web content. Its primary function is to enable the loading of web pages, but it can also be utilized for transferring files. The evolution of HTTP to Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) added a layer of security, making it a vital protocol for secure communications. HTTPS uses Transport Layer Security (TLS) or its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), to encrypt data. This is particularly crucial for sensitive data exchanges where confidentiality is important. For IT professionals, the choice between HTTP and HTTPS is often dictated by the data's sensitivity and the potential risks associated with file transmission.
P2P File Sharing
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file sharing represents a different approach to transmitting large files. This method allows users to connect directly to each other’s devices to share files. One of the most notable benefits of P2P file sharing is its ability to bypass traditional server limitations, enabling efficient distribution of large files across multiple users simultaneously. Several platforms have emerged, leveraging this technology, like BitTorrent. Nonetheless, security can be a concern with P2P, as files are often shared without a centralized control mechanism. IT professionals must weigh the benefits of speed and scalability against potential security vulnerabilities when considering P2P solutions for large file transfers.
In summary, choosing the right file transfer protocol is essential for optimizing file transmission based on specific needs, including security, speed, and user requirements.
Understanding these protocols allows IT professionals to make informed decisions while implementing file transfer solutions, ultimately ensuring efficient and secure data sharing across networks.
Cloud-Based Solutions
Cloud-based solutions have revolutionized the way large files are transmitted. They provide flexible and scalable options for IT professionals facing challenges related to file size limits and secure transfer protocols. By utilizing the cloud, users can avoid common issues associated with traditional transfer methods, such as slow speeds and insufficient storage.
Evaluating Popular Cloud Services
Dropbox
Dropbox is widely recognized for its user-friendly interface and effective file sharing capabilities. It allows easy synchronization of files across devices, making it essential for teams that require access to the same files from various locations. One of the key characteristics of Dropbox is its collaborative tools, which let multiple users edit documents simultaneously. The ability to revert to previous file versions is a unique feature that adds another layer of usability. However, its free plan comes with limited storage, which can be inconvenient for larger teams.
Google Drive
Google Drive offers a robust alternative for file storage and sharing. Its integration with other Google services, like Docs and Sheets, makes it particularly appealing for users who rely on online productivity tools. The collaborative features of Google Drive allow for real-time editing and sharing, significantly enhancing team productivity. Additionally, its generous free storage option and deep integration with Google Workspace make it a beneficial choice for organizations already using those tools. However, users may find the privacy concerns surrounding Google’s data practices to be a drawback.
OneDrive
OneDrive, developed by Microsoft, is another strong player in the cloud storage sector. Its deep integration with Microsoft Office ensures seamless document management for users who frequently work with Word, Excel, or PowerPoint files. A key characteristic of OneDrive is its automatic file saving and synchronization features, which help protect data integrity. This service is particularly beneficial for businesses heavily invested in the Microsoft ecosystem. However, the free storage available is limited compared to other options, which may necessitate a paid plan for frequent users.
Benefits of Cloud Storage
Cloud storage offers numerous benefits that address the needs of IT professionals.
- Accessibility: Files can be accessed from any device with internet connectivity.
- Collaboration: Enhanced cooperation features allow various users to work on files at the same time.
- Scalability: Storage can be easily expanded as requirements grow without the need for physical hardware.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Reduces the need for on-premise infrastructure, promoting better budget management.
- Automatic Backups: Files are regularly backed up in multiple locations, minimizing data loss risks.
With these advantages, cloud-based solutions are becoming essential tools in the modern file transfer landscape.
Email-Based Options for Large Files
In the contemporary digital landscape, email remains a cornerstone for communication, even in the face of evolving technologies. The option to send large files via email is crucial for many businesses and IT professionals. It presents a familiar avenue that allows for ease of use and quick access to file sharing. However, sending large files through standard email can be challenging due to limitations on file sizes and potential issues in delivery reliability.
Email has distinct benefits when it comes to sending large files. For one, it offers a relatively straightforward process, requiring minimal user training. Users can typically attach files directly within their existing email platforms. This familiarity boosts efficiency, as most professionals are accustomed to email.
Still, considerations must be made regarding file size limits. Many email services impose strict caps, requiring users to understand these restrictions to avoid frustration. Knowing when to turn to alternatives is essential. We will explore two prominent third-party email services that have gained popularity for their capability in this area.
Max File Size and Limitations
Most standard email services, such as Gmail and Outlook, limit the maximum file size for attachments to around 25 MB. This limit can hinder users who need to send larger files, like high-resolution images, extensive documents, or multimedia presentations. Failed attempts to send oversized attachments can lead to delays and work interruptions. IT professionals should take these constraints into account when communicating file-sharing needs.
Solutions exist for overcoming these file size barriers, notably through third-party services that integrate seamlessly with email platforms. These options allow sending files exceeding typical sizes while retaining the familiarity of email.
Third-Party Email Services
WeTransfer
WeTransfer offers a user-friendly solution for sending large files up to 2 GB without registering for an account. One of its key characteristics is simplicity. Users can upload files directly to the WeTransfer website and share the download link via email.
WeTransfer is a beneficial choice for users requiring quick file transfers without complex setups. The service supports various formats, making it flexible for different data types. One unique feature of WeTransfer is the ability to send files directly to email addresses, ensuring a straightforward transfer process. However, files are only available for download for a limited time—usually seven days. This limitation can become a drawback for recipients who may need extended access to files.
SendAnywhere
SendAnywhere stands out with its ability to transfer files directly via a link or a generated key. This distinguishes it from other services, as ease of access can work both for senders and recipients. The platform allows sending large files up to 10 GB, which is advantageous for heavier multimedia contents or large folders.
One significant advantage is that SendAnywhere does not require registration for either party, which promotes fast use and convenience. An essential feature is its peer-to-peer transfer capability, boosting download speeds significantly. However, its reliance on a valid transfer key can be seen as a disadvantage for those not familiar with the platform. Overall, SendAnywhere provides a flexible and effective method for sending large files through emails.
Email-based options for large file transfers are versatile and continue to be a popular choice among IT professionals. Consideration of limitations and the use of third-party services can enhance efficiency and functionality.
File Compression Techniques
File compression plays a critical role in transmitting large files efficiently. By reducing the size of files, compression techniques can significantly enhance the speed of transfer and minimize the required bandwidth. This is particularly important for IT professionals who often deal with large datasets, media files, or software distributions. Moreover, effective compression can lead to cost savings, as less storage space and reduced data transfer times can lower operational costs.
Understanding Compression Algorithms
Successful file compression relies on various algorithms designed to reduce data size while maintaining integrity. Understanding these algorithms helps IT professionals choose the appropriate method for their needs.
ZIP
The ZIP format is one of the most commonly used compression methods. Its primary contribution is the ability to compress multiple files into a single archive. This simplification is beneficial for both sending and receiving files, as it minimizes clutter and allows for easier file management.
One key characteristic of ZIP is its support for lossless compression. Lossless means that when the file is decompressed, it returns to its original form without any quality loss. This makes ZIP a popular choice among IT professionals needing to send sensitive data such as documents or images without risking alterations.
A unique feature of ZIP is its broad compatibility with various operating systems and file management tools. It can be easily created and extracted using built-in tools on Windows and macOS, as well as third-party software like WinZip or 7-Zip. However, ZIP files can sometimes have less efficient compression ratios compared to other algorithms. If you prioritize maximum compression, ZIP may not always be the best choice, especially for highly redundant data.
RAR
RAR is another widely used compression format known for its efficient data compression and recovery capabilities. RAR files typically achieve better compression ratios than ZIP files, which is a significant advantage when transferring large datasets. This efficiency can be crucial when dealing with limited bandwidth.
The RAR format stands out due to its support for multi-volume archives. This feature allows users to split large archives into smaller parts, making it easier to manage and transfer. This can be especially useful in environments where file size limits exist.
However, one disadvantage of RAR is that it requires specific software to create and extract the files, unlike ZIP which is natively supported across various systems. Furthermore, while RAR often compresses files better than ZIP, the proprietary nature of its format can raise compatibility issues.
When to Use Compression
Deciding when to use compression depends on several factors:
- File Size: If files are excessively large, compressing them before transfer is usually advantageous.
- Transfer Speed: Compressed files typically transfer faster. If speed is crucial, consider compression regardless of file type.
- Type of Data: For certain file formats, compression offers minimal benefits. Files that are already compressed, like images in JPEG format or video files in MP4 format, may not reduce significantly in size.
- Recipient's Requirements: Ensure that the recipient can open the compressed files. If they are unfamiliar with RAR, you may opt for ZIP instead.
Physical Methods of Sending Files
Physical methods of sending files are essential in today's digital landscape. While online options dominate, there are scenarios where physical transmission is more practical. This method can be useful in cases of large files that exceed network capacity or situations with limited internet access. The reliability of physical transmission presents a valuable complement to digital approaches. When discussing physical methods, it’s critical to understand the different means available and the specific context in which they apply.
External Drives and USBs
External drives and USBs have been around for many years. They serve as tangible solutions for transferring large files. One of their primary benefits is the simplicity they provide. Users can easily plug in a USB drive into a computer, transfer files, and unplug it. The entire process takes only a matter of minutes.
Moreover, these devices have increased in capacity and speed. Today’s USB drives can hold terabytes of data and transfer files at very high speeds, making them suitable for substantial projects. They are also portable, making them easy to transport.
However, several considerations must be taken into account:
- Data Security: When carrying sensitive files, it’s important to ensure that the drive is encrypted. This prevents unauthorized access during transport.
- Compatibility: Different operating systems handle file formats differently. It’s wise to ensure compatibility between devices before transferring large files.
- Physical Damage: USB drives are small and can be lost easily. Furthermore, physical damage can render data inaccessible.
Using an external drive is a practical solution for many IT professionals, particularly when instant access to high-capacity storage is required.
Media Shipping Solutions
Media shipping solutions provide another physical alternative for file transfer. They involve sending physical media, like hard drives or DVDs, through postal services or courier systems. This method can be ideal when digital transfer is not feasible due to bandwidth limitations or file size constraints.
The benefits of these solutions include:
- Large Data Volume: Media shipping is often used to send very large datasets that cannot be easily uploaded or downloaded.
- Reliability: Physical transport can sometimes be more reliable than internet-based transmission. Factors such as network congestion, outages, or slow speeds can hinder digital transfers.
- Chain of Custody: For sensitive information, media shipping can offer a clear record of who handled the files during the transfer.
However, there are essential considerations:
- Shipping Times: Delivery can take longer than digital options, and this is especially crucial in time-sensitive situations.
- Costs: Shipping fees can add up, particularly for large volumes or expedited services.
- Handling Issues: Files can get damaged during transit. Proper packaging is critical to minimize this risk.
Security Considerations
In the digital age, the transfer of large files is often accompanied by significant security challenges. For IT professionals, addressing these considerations is not just about ensuring that files reach their destination. It is crucial to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access or breaches during the transfer process. Security measures must be integrated into any file transfer strategy to mitigate potential risks, making this a fundamental aspect of handling data effectively.
Encryption Protocols
Encryption protocols are essential tools for securing file transfers. They work by encoding data, rendering it unreadable to anyone who does not possess the necessary decryption key. This is particularly important for files containing confidential information, such as client data or proprietary company information.
Several encryption protocols are widely used:
- SSL/TLS: Commonly used in HTTPS connections, these protocols ensure secure communication over a computer network. They encrypt the data transmitted, making interception difficult.
- PGP (Pretty Good Privacy): This method provides cryptographic privacy and authentication, often used for securing emails and files.
- AES (Advanced Encryption Standard): A symmetric encryption standard that is highly regarded for its strength and speed. It is widely accepted in many applications, including cloud storage solutions.
The choice of protocol depends on several factors, including regulatory requirements and the nature of the data being transferred. Utilizing strong encryption methods not only protects data integrity but also builds trust with clients and partners.
Best Practices for Secure Transfers
To ensure that file transfers remain secure, there are several best practices that IT professionals should consider:
- Use Strong Passwords: Ensure that any files requiring authentication for access are protected by complex passwords, which should be changed regularly.
- Implement Two-Factor Authentication: Adding an extra layer of security can significantly reduce the likelihood of unauthorized access.
- Regular Security Audits: Conduct frequent reviews of file sharing platforms and protocols in use. This helps in identifying vulnerabilities and addressing them promptly.
- Educate Staff: Ensuring that all team members are aware of security protocols and best practices is fundamental. Regular training sessions can increase vigilance against potential threats.
"Implementing secure file transfer protocols is not just a technical requirement; it reflects the organization's commitment to integrity and privacy."
Other recommendations include utilizing reputable third-party services that specialize in file sharing and transfer. This often provides an additional layer of security that internal systems might lack.
Challenges in Large File Transfers
In the process of transmitting large files, several challenges arise that can impede efficiency and reliability. Understanding these challenges is critical for IT professionals looking to optimize their file transfer processes. With ever-growing file sizes and increasing demands for speed, identifying potential issues is essential in ensuring successful and secure data transmission.
Network Bandwidth Issues
Network bandwidth is a crucial factor that impacts file transfer performance. When transferring large files, the existing network infrastructure may not suffice to handle high-volume data transmission. This can lead to slow transfer rates, connection instability, and even packet loss.
In many organizational networks, bandwidth can fluctuate significantly due to multiple users or applications competing for the same resources. Therefore, it is essential to assess network capacity prior to initiating large file transfers. Consider using techniques such as:
- Traffic shaping: To prioritize bandwidth for important file transfers.
- Scheduling transfers: During off-peak hours to take advantage of less congested networks.
Furthermore, assessing available internet speeds for remote transfers plays a key role. A comprehensive analysis can help identify potential bottlenecks and optimize the overall transfer efficiency.
Data Loss Risks
Data integrity during transmission is paramount. Large file transfers inherently carry risks of data loss or corruption. Several factors contribute to these risks, including network interruptions, equipment malfunctions, and file format compatibility issues.
To mitigate such risks, IT professionals should consider the following measures:
- Utilizing error-checking protocols: Implement protocols such as checksums or hashes that validate data integrity before and after transfer.
- Implementing redundancy strategies: Such as retaining backup files until successful transfer confirmations are received.
- Utilizing reliable file transfer solutions: Choosing reputable platforms, like WeTransfer or Google Drive, known for robustness and reliability can enhance data security during transmission.
"The importance of understanding network limitations and data loss risks cannot be overstated. They are vital considerations for successful file transfer.”
In summary, the challenges in transferring large files must be addressed thoughtfully. Both network bandwidth issues and risks of data loss can create significant barriers. By proactively managing these challenges, IT professionals can ensure smoother transmission processes while safeguarding data integrity.
Future Trends in File Transfer Technology
The landscape of file transfer technology is evolving rapidly, driven by the demands of businesses and individual users for faster, safer, and more efficient solutions. As file sizes keep increasing, the methods for transferring them must also adapt. In this section, we explore the future trends that will shape file transfer strategies, offering not only insights for IT professionals but also actionable considerations for implementing these technologies in their workflows.
Emerging Technologies to Watch
Key advancements in technology are set to redefine how files are transferred. These emerging technologies can influence speed, security, and efficiency:
- Blockchain Technology: Using blockchain for file transfers could enhance security by making data tamper-proof. It provides a decentralized system that offers transparency and integrity, potentially minimizing the risk of unauthorized access.
- AI-Driven Solutions: Artificial intelligence can optimize file transfer protocols by predicting bandwidth usage and dynamically adjusting settings to ensure seamless transfers. It allows for the identification of the best routes and methods for transferring files based on real-time data.
- Edge Computing: By processing data closer to the source, edge computing reduces latency and improves transfer speeds. This is especially significant for large files that require quick real-time processing, such as videos or large datasets.
- Quantum Key Distribution: This approach promises to enhance security through quantum cryptography, allowing secure transmission of files even in network-heavy environments. While it is still developing, it represents a monumental shift in secure communication.
These technologies represent shifts toward greater efficiency and security, making them crucial for IT professionals looking to future-proof their file transfer strategies.
Impact of 5G on File Transfers
The rollout of 5G networks marks a significant advancement in wireless technology. Its capacity to handle vast data transfers quickly makes it a game-changer for file transfer methodologies. Here are some impacts of 5G on the way files are transmitted:
- Increased Speed: 5G technology can deliver download speeds that are 20 times faster than 4G. This means large files can be transferred in seconds rather than minutes, enhancing productivity and collaboration.
- Low Latency: The reduced latency associated with 5G improves real-time file sharing and collaboration, making it suitable for applications that require instantaneous feedback, like remote working or cloud-based applications.
- Better Connectivity in Crowded Areas: With enhanced capacity, 5G can maintain stable connections even in densely populated regions. This reliability is essential for users in urban environments who frequently deal with file transfers in business settings.
- IoT Integration: The synergy between 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) devices enables more automated processes in file transfer, facilitating smoother workflow between devices and systems.
Overall, there is much to expect in the realm of large file transfers as technology progresses. IT professionals must stay informed about these trends to optimize their operations, as neglecting these advancements could lead to inefficiencies and security vulnerabilities.
"The future of file transfer technology is not just about speed and size, but also about security, reliability, and the integration of advanced technologies."
Adapting to these trends can greatly enhance an organization’s ability to handle large file transfers securely and efficiently. Keeping an eye on these developments will prepare IT professionals for the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.
Finale
The topic of effective file transmission is crucial for IT professionals who often find themselves dealing with large files. Mastery over various approaches such as cloud solutions, email options, and physical methods of transferring files is essential. Each method presents its own set of benefits and challenges, which necessitates a nuanced understanding of their application.
Moreover, recognizing the implications of security, speed, and user experience in file transfers can streamline workflows and mitigate risks associated with data loss or breaches. As the digital landscape evolves, being proficient in these strategies not only enhances efficiency but also establishes a reliable and secure environment for file sharing.
"Effective file transfer methods are not just about speed; they are about ensuring data integrity and security."
A comprehensive grasp of these strategic approaches can significantly improve how IT professionals handle large files, making it not just a beneficial skill, but a necessity in today’s fast-paced technological environment.
Summary of Key Points
- Understanding File Size Limits: Assess the needs of the files and recipients. Some methods may be better suited for larger or smaller files.
- Common Protocols: Familiarity with FTP, SFTP, HTTP, and P2P can help in selecting the optimal transfer method.
- Cloud-Based Solutions: Services like Dropbox and Google Drive offer flexible options for storage and transfer.
- Email and Third-Party Services: Tools such as WeTransfer can help bypass size limitations within standard email protocols.
- Security Measures: Employ strong encryption protocols to protect sensitive data during transfers.
- Challenges: Be aware of bandwidth issues and the risk of data loss during large file transfers.
Recommendations for IT Professionals
- Evaluate Needs: Consider the file size and recipient capabilities before choosing a method.
- Stay Updated: Keep abreast of new technologies and trends in file transfer methods. Solutions like 5G will provide enhanced capabilities over time.
- Implement Security Best Practices: Regularly update encryption protocols and stay informed about vulnerabilities in various file transfer methods.
- Test Methods: Conduct trials of different transfer methods to gauge speed, reliability, and ease of use prior to adopting them in critical environments.
- Feedback Loop: Encourage feedback from team members on their experiences with different transfer methods to refine processes and preferences.
